Water Pressure (bar)	Orifice/hole(mm2)	Water capacity (l/sek)	Water capacity (l/month)	Water capacity (m3/month)	Water capacity (m3/year)
5	0,5	0,006	0,36	15,8	189
	1,0	0,016	0,96	42,0	504
	5,0	0,372	22,32	977,1	11 725
	10,0	1,406	84,36	3 692,9	44 315
10	0,5	0,008	0,48	21,0	252
	1,0	0,023	1,38	60,4	725
	5,0	0,497	29,82	1 305,4	15 665
	10,0	1,989	119,34	5 224,2	62 691
16	0,5	0,010	0,60	26,3	315
	1,0	0,029	1,74	76,2	914
	5,0	0,629	37,74	1 652,1	19 825
	10,0	2,515	150,90	6 605,8	79 270

LOCATION OF WATER LEAKAGES FROM METAL AND NON-METAL WATER SUPPLY NETWORKS

Leaks in pipelines: metal, plastic, asbestos or concrete are located in pipes filled with water under pressure of at least 2 bar (0.2 MPa = 2at).
A diagram or sketch of the water supply and sewage system must be submitted for review.

Research techniques used.
The following activities are used to locate hard-to-detect water leaks:
Listening with a rod microphone for available elements of the water pipeline
There is needed  access to: water supply wells, hydrants, earth gates, etc..
In special cases, rooms should be made available in buildings where the water supply connection to the building is visible.
Attention:
- Prior excavation by the service provider is necessary, as far as possible  possibilities, any buried water supply wells, gate valve boxes earthworks, etc..
Current practice in the field of pipeline testing performed by The Wodoserwis company shows that instead of locating water leaks on networks, time is unnecessarily used for localization
and unearthing wells or earth gate boxes lost in the field waterworks.

Correlation (location) of pipeline leaks using a correlator and microphones (accelerometers) or hydrophones.
Correlation for metal or non-metal pipelines.

Equipment used:
Microphones/accelerometers 
If the length of the tested non-metallic pipeline (or cast iron) exceeds 100 – 120 meters and there are no available elements
water pipeline along this length. The person ordering the service is obliged to make open pits of the pipeline every 30 ÷ 100 meters in order to
installation of steel clamps for the pipeline by Wodoserwis.
Clamps allow you to attach sensors/accelerometers to a non-metallic pipeline. 
Note: If the non-metal pipeline is equipped with hydrants, it is not necessary to perform the above-mentioned work. excavations. 

Hydrophones
Hydrophones are screwed to the "external" or "internal" hydrant sockets or to other available intake valves (if there are no hydrants) to which
you can tighten the hydrophones.
An employee operating the water supply network, authorized to unseal and open ground or above-ground hydrants, is required,
to which the hydrophones will be screwed.
In addition to the hydrant wrench, you need a key for the hydrant shut-off valve.

Correlation of pipeline leak locations using a correlator and multisensors (acoustic recorders), optional method.
The multisensors are equipped with very sensitive piezoelectric microphones with an amplifier, data memory, a battery and a radio module with an antenna.
Depending on the environmental conditions, multi-sensors are left on the pipelines at night.
Multisensors are used optionally, as needed.
It is possible to perform correlation measurements on pipelines equipped with steel or cast iron elements located at very great depths.   

Listening to the ground above the pipeline with a geophone (and possible sound analysis with specialized software).   
Auscultation with a geophone of the surface above the pipeline with a confirmed, probable leak location in order to precisely locate the leak.

Quick physicochemical analysis of water to immediately recognize the type of water
- when locating places of water leaks, depending on the needs, water occurring in the field, in the area of ​​​​the pipeline, is collected and analyzed
(sewerage, ditch, ground surface, tunnel, etc.).
The quality of water taken from the area is compared with water from the tested pipeline.
For water supply companies interested in the issue of searching for water leaks from pipelines, the Company has developed a several-page GUIDE, .PDF format, entitled: "Problems of reducing water losses in water supply networks" - available for download on the Company's website.
Problemy ograniczania strat wody w sieciach wodociągowych - Poradnik ,  format .PDF .
 

MONITORING OF WATERWORKS

              

The company offers monitoring of the water supply network.
Measurements of water flows and pressure in pipelines, measurements of water levels.
Solutions in the system of wired and wireless transmission/registration of energy media network parameters to the computer of the unit on duty.

Advantages of monitoring:
- reducing water losses in the water supply network by quickly locating leaks
- improving the functioning of supervision over the water supply network
- improving process control
- reducing and automating the operation of networks and technological facilities
- improving the safety and reliability of devices
Registration of water flows with a programmable recorder for connection to flow meters and transmitters (2 inputs 0/4-20 mA, 2 PULS inputs), ability to display up to 4 measurement channels.
- Simultaneous recording of additional other parameters of the water supply system (e.g. pressure, level)
- Instantaneous flow rate readings
- Determining extremes (minimum and maximum threshold values)
- Flowmeter operating time counter
- Archiving results on a computer using a card and specialized software
- Data averaging
- Graphical and tabular presentation of results
- Print reports

The new a data logger specially designed for the needs of water suppliers. The logger is battery powered which lasts for 5 years even with integrated GSM/GPRS module. This unit is available in several configurations with internal sensors and various input channels.
Wireless programming and read out: Yesterday was the time to connect each logger with a cable to program or to read data. In combination with the PC radio interface USB-E-box one can simply program several loggers one by one via radio. The read out process works the same if you use the Reader Box. Simply go near by the logger (radio range up to 20m and more) and collect all data stored in the internal memory of the logger. Transfer the data later to your PC and do your analysis. 
Recording: How ever your recording interval should be: you simply program the loggers for your special needs. From 1 sec. up to 31 days an interval can be chosen. The huge internal memory of the logger saves data up to 28 years and if this is not enough one can simply upgrade the memory with standard SD/MMC cards.
Sensors: This unit is available with integrated pressure sensors or simply as a “regular” data logger. All 0-5V or 0-20 mA sensors can be attached and the data can be logged. The accuracy is certainly ± 0.1%.
Telemetry data logger: As a special version the device comes with an integrated quad-band GSM/GPRS modem to transmit data over a long distance. Data are pro­vided via FTP to easily integrate the data into existing telemetry systems.
Alarming: Each channel has individual alarm thresholds. Once this threshold is reached the logger sends a SMS or message to the telemetry system.

LOCATION OF WATER AND SEWAGE UTILITIES

ROUTING - LOCATION OF PIPELINES
Metal pipelines
- Detection of network routes and connections up to a depth of 6 m.
- Determining the depth of installation of pipelines in the ground.
To locate metal pipes (steel, cast iron), a locating kit equipped with a pulse generator is used - connected to
available pipeline element.
Each time, the maximum pipeline routing range is up to 150 meters in both directions from the access point, i.e. 2 x 150 meters = 300
meters.
If there are no available pipeline elements, it is possible to locate the pipeline using another method without measuring the depth of the metal pipeline foundation.

Non-metallic pipelines made of:
- plastics
- concrete, asbestos, cast iron
To locate the route of pipelines filled with water, Wodoserwis uses its own, innovative technical solution
on generating small water hammers (smaller or larger - depending on needs) in the tested pipeline and listening to the ground,
thus identifying the pipeline route.
A connection to the pipeline via a hydrant or a building tap is used here.
When creating shocks, water is thrown into the area or into the sewage system.
If a hydrant is used, the service ordering party must provide a person authorized to open hydrants.
In the case of an earth hydrant, an appropriate hydrant stand must be prepared.

Each time, the maximum routing range of the tested pipeline is approximately 100 meters on both sides of the pipeline from the production site.
water hammer, i.e. up to approximately 200 meters of the routed pipeline.

Attention:
it is possible to locate plastic pipelines if the pipeline was laid with a metal tape or signaling cable for the purpose of later locating the pipelines using
locator cooperating with the signal generator.

 

LOCATION OF METAL: MANHOLE COVERS, GATE BOXES, HYDRANT BOXES, VALVE STYLES, etc.

The devices used by Wodoserwis enable the location of metal (steel, cast iron) elements of water and sewage infrastructure - fittings, manhole covers,
gate valve stems to a depth of 2.5 meters.
If instead of a metal cover, a reinforced concrete cover was placed on the well manhole, the locator will detect the reinforcement of this cover.
A buried water or sewer well that is located at the junction of a metal water or sewer main will be located
to a depth of 6 meters by locating water supply or sewage network routes.
If the earth gate valve box is lost in the field, it is possible to locate the gate valve stem, even if the stem diameter is only 10 ÷ 15 mm.

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Inspection of hard-to-reach places with a micro-inspection camera
- lens housing diameter: 17 mm
- monitor diagonal: 52 mm
- cable length: up to 6.5 m
- intended use: pipes, tunnels, mini windows with a diagonal of up to 50 - 80 mm
- the camera can work underwater up to a depth of 3.0 m

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Photos Gallery

 

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WATER CONSUMPTION STANDARDS
In Poland water consumption standards are regulated by the "Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of January 14, 2002 on determining average water consumption standards" (Journal of Laws No. 8 of January 31, 2002 - Item 70):

The recommended standards for water consumption  in  Poland
 Normy zużycia wody reguluje "Rozporządzenie Ministra Infrastruktury z dnia 14 stycznia 2002 r. w sprawie określenia przeciętnych norm zużycia wody" (Dziennik Ustaw nr 8 z dnia 31 stycznia 2002 r. - Poz. 70)

The regulation contains average water consumption standards for the following groups of recipients:
Household
Watering home gardens and agricultural crops
Services, Farms and livestock facilities
Servicing motor vehicles, agricultural machinery and workshops
Agricultural and food processing plants
Works
Chemical plant protection
Military facilities of the ministries of defense and interior affairs

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However, there are another detailed recommended standard the water consumptions based on technical documentary or operator’s manual etc. as given below. 

Other detailed, individual water consumption/demand are resulting from technical documentation or technology.

. Another detailed standards water consumption   Air Conditioning Air Conditioner type KT 2.1 Condenser cooled water temperature: 12 o C, water capacity: 400 l/h, inside diameter d= 15 mm. (based on air conditioner KT 2.1 documentary – Germany, VEB Maschinen und Apparatebau Schkeuditz) Another type KT:  KT 4: 350 l/h  KT 4.1: 420 l/h Type CAS (Clivet - Italy), ex: CAS 51: 1 800 l/h Type K 3 300: 200 l/h   Laboratories The water consumption in laboratories (data based on installation documentary): a polish water re-distiller type REL 5 (capacity 5 l/h) - consumption 150 l/h a polish water distiller type DEM 10 (capacity 10 l/h) - consumption 85 l/h, type DEM 5 (capacity 5 l/h) - consumption 42 l/h   Bakeries The water intake only for dough production (the water intake as a raw material without sewage for sewage system) 1. The dough production: 100 kgs flour needs 50 l water, it means that 1 kg the flour needs 0,5 l water 2. Steam production in baking oven: Medium size baking oven needs 870 l water per day 3. Water consumption for steam in steam pot: 1 steam pot needs 1 000 ls the water per month (Information comes from bakery’s owner in Krakow city consuming 98 600 kilograms of flour a month. Eight tenth of this flour is used for bread and the rest for sweet croissants and doughnuts). According to “Rozporzadzenie Ministra Infrastruktury z dnia 14 stycznia 2002 r. w sprawie okreslenia przecietnych norm zuzycia wody (Dziennik Ustaw nr 8 z dnia 31 stycznia 2002 r. - Poz. 70)”, all in all the bakery needs: 2,0 m3 the water for 1000 kg bread, it means that 1 kg bread needs 2 l the water.   Canteens (based on the Polish book: "Wyposazenie stolowek w zakladach przemyslowych" - author: Z. Mirski) the water for handy dishes washing: 7,5 l for 1 meal the water for dinner: 30 l/dinner (the first course and main course altogether) the water for worker regenerative meal: at the table - 15 l/meal, take away meal - 7,5 l/meal. Hydrants Outdoor hydrants In the fire-fighting water supply network, mainly external above-ground hydrants with a nominal diameter of DN 80 are used. The nominal capacity of an external fire hydrant at a nominal pressure of 0.2 MPa (2 bar) measured in the hydrant valve during water intake for a DN 80 hydrant should be at least 10 dm3/s. Regulation of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration of July 24, 2009 on fire-fighting water supply and fire routes (Journal of Laws No. 124 - Item 1030). In the Regulation, at least: - Types of facilities requiring fire protection water supply for external fire extinguishing - Methods of determining the required amount of water for fire protection purposes - Fire protection requirements for water supply networks - Fire pumping stations - 4 tables regarding the required amounts of water for fire protection purposes for settlement units and facilities Internal hydrants Regulation of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration of June 7, 2010 on fire protection of buildings, other structures and areas (Journal of Laws No. 109 - Item 719). Minimum water intake efficiency measured at the nozzle outlet: for hydrant 25 - 1.0 dm3/s for hydrant 33 - 1.5 dm3/s for hydrant 52 - 2.5 dm3/s for valve 52 - 2.5 dm3/s In the Regulation, at least: - maximum working pressures in the fire-fighting water supply system - number of simultaneously operating hydrants - capacity of fire protection tanks - nominal diameters of power cables Car dismantling stations Car washing: - passenger: 150 l/1 washing (according to the above-mentioned "Regulation") - delivery van: 500 l/1 washing (according to the above-mentioned "Regulation") Water demand to keep streets and squares clean: - for effective one-time mechanical washing of streets and squares: 2 l/m2 of improved surface. Basis: "Guidelines for programming water demand and the amount of sewage in urban settlement units" - Ministry of Administration, Land Management and Environmental Protection. Department of Public Utilities. Institute of Environmental Management - 1978 At one of the car scrapping stations in Krakow with: - parking lot for 20 parking spaces with an area of ​​350 m2 - a scrap yard with an area of ​​330 m2 water consumption is from 15 to 23 m3/month Vehicles cleaning the water and sewage system - without water recovery systems Manufacturers' names, capacities of high-pressure pumps: 1. Dobrowolski 265 or 315 dm3/min 2. Else 291 - 942 dm3/min 3. HAKO Polska 120 dm3/min 4. INTEGRA 90 - 500 dm3/min 5. Interglobal 470 dm3/min 6. KANRO 70 - 210 dm3/min 7. MWM Brzesko 90 -500 dm3/min 8. REMO FPHU up to 500 dm3/min 9. UNIMARK 40 - 500 dm3/min 10. WUKO 216 - 406 dm3/min Basis: Data from the magazine Wodociągi i Kanalizacja 9/2011 (article: "Report - operating equipment of water and sewage networks") With: - parking lot for 20 parking spaces with an area of ​​350 m2 - a scrap yard with an area of ​​330 m2 water consumption is from 15 to 23 m3/month front page ← return up ↑

PIPELINE TIGHTNESS TESTING REGULATIONS
Pipeline tightness testing regulations (as of 2006)

               

How to perform a pipeline/installation leak test
- tightness test

General technical conditions for the execution and acceptance of water supply networks and water supply installations - technical requirements, developed on the basis of applicable regulations by the Central Research and Development Center for Installation Technology INSTAL (COBRTI INSTAL) - volume 3, volume 7, recommended for use by the Ministry of Infrastructure.

Comments:

The test should be performed before covering the installation; if it is required to cover part of the installation, separate tests should be carried out as part of partial acceptance tests.

A pressure gauge with a reading accuracy of 0.1 bar should be connected to the installation.

The test procedure is different for metal pipes and plastic pipes.

In the case of plastic pipes, the procedure is longer and more complicated due to the fact that the pressure drop recorded on the manometer does not have to be the result of leaks, but results from
initially due to the flexibility of the cables.
The examination is divided into preliminary and main examination (conducted immediately after a positively completed preliminary examination).
The preliminary test consists in increasing the pressure to the test pressure three times every 10 minutes, and then observing the installation.
for ½ hour
The test is considered successful if there are no leaks or condensation, especially at the connections, and the pressure drop is less than 0.6 bar.
The main test consists of raising the pressure again to the test pressure and observing the installation for 2 hours. The test is passed if there are no leaks
and dew, and the pressure drop is not greater than 0.2 bar.
Therefore, in the case of plastic installations, the pressure gauge readings are an auxiliary element and significant pressure drops are allowed.
To properly check the installation, it is necessary to observe the connections to see if they show any leaks.
The air test pressure should not exceed 3 bar.
Installers sometimes, by mistake, use the pressure as for the water test, i.e. most often 6 bar for central heating installations and 10 bar for water supply installations.
After the test, a test report should be prepared specifying the test pressure and test results.
COBRTI INSTAL notebooks provide a template of the Leak Test Protocol.

Recipes according to COBRTI INSTAL:
Water networks:
1. The test pressure in the networks should be 1.5 times the working pressure, but not less than 1 MPa (10 bar).
2. The tightness of the pipe should ensure that the test pressure is maintained for a period of 30 minutes during the hydraulic test.

Water installations:
Leak test should be carried out with water. During partial acceptance of installations, in justified cases, it is allowed to perform a tightness test using compressed air.

Water tightness test
1. The test pressure in the networks should be 1.5 times the working pressure, but not less than 1 MPa (10 bar). The test pressure is the pressure at the lowest point of the installation at which the test is carried out testing its tightness.
2. Cold water tightness testing of metal water supply installations consists of a main test (the pressure cannot drop by more than 2% for 30 minutes), and in the case of plastic pipes
artificial from the preliminary and main tests (the pressure must not drop more than 0.2 bar for 2 hours).

Air tightness test
1. The pressure value for testing the tightness of the installation with compressed air should not exceed 3 bar.
2. The condition for recognizing the test results as positive is that there is no leakage in the installation and the manometer does not show a pressure drop.

Note: issue no. 6 COBRTI INSTAL concerns the technical conditions for the execution and acceptance of heating installations
In the case of a central heating installation, the test pressure should be 2 bar + working pressure at the lowest point of the installation, but not less than 4 bar for a radiator installation and 9 bar for a surface installation, i.e. floor or wall.
This is due to the fact that pumps with a higher lifting height are used in underfloor heating due to much higher flow resistance in the installation.

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Tightness testing of a water pipeline or water installation - acceptance tests according to the following standards:

Waterworks - External pipes
1. "Requirements and tests": PN-B-10725:1997
2. "Water supply - Requirements for external systems and their components": PN-EN 805: 2002, PN-EN 805: 2002/Ap1
It is recommended that the test procedure be determined by the designer.
The procedure should include three stages: preliminary test, pressure drop test, main pressure test: water loss method or pressure loss method.

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Tightness testing of water tanks - acceptance tests according to the following standards

Waterworks and sewage
- "Tanks. Requirements and tests": PN-B-10702:1999
- "Water supply - Requirements for systems and their components intended for storing water": PN-EN 1508: 2002
- "Unpressurized tanks. Requirement: PNs and tests"-B-73001:1996
- "Pressure tanks. Requirements and tests": PN-B-73002:1996

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Sewerage tightness testing - acceptance tests according to the standard:

- "Construction and testing of sewage pipes": PN-EN 1610: 2002, PN-EN 1610: 2002/Ap1

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For services operating water supply systems, Wodoserwis suggests the following method of testing the tightness of the pipeline without a pressure test.
Thanks to a specially made reduction, it is possible to install an accurate, high-class DN15 control water meter on connections/installations regardless of the diameter of the existing water meter and the type of connection between the flow meter and the pipe.
For flange connections, the minimum length of the measuring system: control water meter + reduction with flanges is 180 mm - 190 mm, which allows for trouble-free installation of a flow meter in place of a water meter, e.g. with a diameter of 50 mm (with an installation length of 200 mm).

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VIBROACUSTICS
 

Measurements of machine vibrations and material noise, FFT spectrum
 

Vibration measurements
Amplitude units:
- acceleration: g, m/s2
- speed mm/s
- offset: mm
Low frequency range: 10 Hz - 1,000 Hz (determining e.g. general machine condition)
High frequency range: 4,000 Hz - 20,000 Hz (determining bearing condition)  

Example applications:
- diagnostics of operating devices (including bearings: pumps, engines, etc.) and early detection of their dysfunctions using a patented
measuring instrument algorithm for high-frequency measurements.
Assessment of the level of significance for engines, cooling towers, fans, cooling tower drives, centrifugal pumps, positive displacement pumps,
air compressors, blowers, gears and spindles.
Fast response in the initial stage of failure in the noise phase, before the appearance of the vibration and thermal phase of pump elements
and engines, allows you to protect the device from the need to replace the main components of the device.
Early detection of damage significantly reduces repair costs and production interruptions.
Three types of measurements: bearing vibration, total vibration and temperature.
- pipeline vibration measurements, requirements according to manufacturers of precision devices and measuring systems:
Flowmeters:
- differential pressure transducers (admissible values: frequency level 10-60 Hz, vibration ampl. 0.21 mm/60-2,000 Hz, acceleration ampl. 3g)
- Annubar averaging tubes (admissible values: frequency level 10-1,000 Hz, vibration amplitude 0.15 mm, acceleration amplitude 2g)
Blood pressure monitors/thermometers:
- pressure/level/temperature transmitters (examples of permissible vibration values: 4g, (10 - 2,000 Hz)
- protection analyses.
Example applications:
- measurements of pipeline sound emissions caused by high flow, no flow or other factor
- noise measurements of machines and vibroacoustic devices, industrial equipment, building infrastructure
 

Structure-borne noise measurements
Measurements with a piezoelectric microphone in a wide range of frequency levels /Hz/.
FFT spectrum recordings of sounds

Pipes and machines vibrations - analysis
   Vibration Meter
Sensitivity: 100 mV / g ±10 %
Measurement Range: 0.01 g to 50 g
Frequency Range:10 Hz to 1 000 Hz and 4 000 Hz to 20 000 Hz
Resolution: 0.01 g
Accuracy: at 100 Hz: ±5 % of measured value
Amplitude Units:
  Acceleration: g, m/sec²
  Velocity:  in/sec, mm/sec
  Displacement: mils, µm

   Quick Measurement
   Overall Vibration (Low Frequency) Measurement with Severity Scale
   Crest Factor+ (High Frequency Measurement in bearings)
   Interpret Results:
    Trending
    Vibration Severity - ISO 10816-1
   Data transfer between the Meter and PC. Export Meter data to an MS Excel spreadsheet